Habsburgs,
Exchange rates would be fixed, as under the gold standard, but now the anchor - the international reserve currency - would be the dollar rather than gold (though the dollar itself would notionally rem...
En ambas economías el caos fiscal se aunaba con la inflación rampante, que en Alemania evocaba la hiperinflación de 1923.Y ¿no había sido Hitler el «hijo adoptivo de la inflación»?88
Elias Canetti once tried to imagine a world in which ‘all weapons [were] abolished and in the next war only biting [was] allowed’. Can we be sure there would be no genocides in such a radically disarm...
El famoso lema de Samuel Adams: «No taxation without representation» («No a los impuestos sin representación») no era un rechazo a lo británico, sino su afirmación enfática. Lo que los colonos decían...
Drawing on the best modern scholarship, this book seeks to rescue the history of networks from the clutches of the conspiracy theorists, and to show that historical change often can and should be unde...
Desde que en 1579 se hubieron sacudido del dominio español, los holandeses habían estado a la vanguardia del capitalismo europeo. Habían creado un sistema de deuda pública que permitía al gobierno tom...
Debts were transferable, hence ‘pay the bearer’ rather than a named creditor.
David Landes sintetizó esta perspectiva postulando que el gobierno ideal para el crecimiento y desarrollo 1. aseguraría los derechos de la propiedad privada del mejor modo posible para alentar el ah...
Consider this: the US economy created 2.4 million jobs in the three years beginning in June 2009. In the same period, 3.3 million Americans were awarded disabled worker benefits. The percentage of wor...
Can a non-Western power really hope to benefit from downloading Western scientific knowledge, if it continues to reject that other key part of the West’s winning formula: the third institutional innov...
But the foundation on which all of this rested was the underlying credibility of a borrower’s promise to repay. (It is no coincidence that in English the root of ‘credit’ is credo, the Latin for ‘I be...
Bread, cash, dosh, dough, loot, lucre, moolah, readies, the where-withal: call it what you like, money matters.
Bread, cash, dosh, dough, loot, lucre, moolah, readies, the where-withal: call it what you like, money matters. To Christians, the love of it is the root of all evil. To generals, it is the sinews of...
Between a half and two-thirds of all Europeans who migrated to North America between 1650 and 1780 did so under contracts of indentured servitude;
Between 1929 and 1933, the public succeeded in increasing its cash holdings by 31 per cent; commercial bank reserves were scarcely altered (indeed, surviving banks built up excess reserves); but comme...
Banknotes (which originated in seventh-century China) are pieces of paper which have next to no intrinsic worth. They are simply promises to pay (hence their original Western designation as ‘promissor...
Ashkenazim
A generation mostly removed from conflict – the baby-boomers – had failed to learn the lesson that it is not unregulated networks that reduce inequality but wars, revolutions, hyperinflations and othe...
En Latinoamérica las constituciones se utilizan como instrumentos para subvertir el propio imperio de la ley